
Glossaries
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Batavia: The name given to the city during the Dutch colonial before renamed as Jakarta.
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Betawi: An ethnic group native to Jakarta.
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Ciliwung River: The main river flowing through Jakarta. Historically, it was a crucial route for transport to the inner kingdoms, though today it struggles with pollution and flooding.
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Demak Sultanate: A powerful Javanese Islamic kingdom that defeated the Portuguese and Hindu kingdoms to take control of the port in 1527.
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Istiqlal Mosque: The largest mosque in Southeast Asia. Its name means "Independence" in Arabic, and it sits directly across from the Jakarta Cathedral to symbolize religious harmony.
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Jayakarta: The name given by Commander Fatahillah after conquering it. It means "Victorious City" or "Complete Victory."
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Kota Tua: Meaning "Old Town," this is the historic neighborhood in Jakarta containing the original Dutch colonial buildings and administrative center.
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Padrão: A stone pillar built by Portuguese explorers to mark their discovery or territory.
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Sunda Kelapa: The original name of the Jakarta port. It began as a key trading hub for the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Sunda long before European colonization
References
Blackburn, S. (2009). Jakarta: A history. NUS Press.
Kolankiewicz, L. (2012). Overpopulation versus biodiversity. In P. Cafaro & E. Crist (Eds.), Life on the brink: Environmentalists confront overpopulation (pp. 75–89). University of Georgia Press.
Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 (4th ed.). Stanford University Press.
World Population Review. (2025). Jakarta population 2025. https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population


